Research Article
1. Mining
for Fiscal Control: Bureaucratic Negotiations over Shandong Mines in Early
Eighteenth-Century China
Li-Chung
Tang (Assistant Professor, Department of History, National Chi Nan University)
2. Against
Odor: A Study on The National Health Surveys of The French Royal Society of
Medicine in Eighteenth-Century (1776-1794)
Yueh-Yuan
Chen (Assistant Professor, Department of History, National Chung Hsing
University)
3. Comparative
Research on the Foreign Policy of the Imperial Way Faction and the Control
Faction of the Showa Army
Tien-Kun
Yang (Assistant Professor, Department of History, National Taiwan University)
3. The
“Spy” Discourse in South Korea in the Late 1960s and its Political Implication:
a Study on the Basis of Lee Su-Geun and Lee Seung-Bok Incidents
En-Mei
Wang (Associate Professor, Department of East Asian Studies, National Taiwan
Normal University)
4. Introduction
and Transformation: Social Responsibility of the Press in Taiwan Martial Law
Period
Hsiu-Chin
Yang (Adjunct Assistant Professor, General Education Center, National Taipei
University of Technology)
Research Note
5. Reconsidering
the Halt of the Loss of Biodiversity in a Market-based Perspective
Hsiao-Lan
Liu (Assistant Professor, Department of Hakka language and social sciences,
National Central University)
Huei-Ying
Shih (Associate Professor, Department of Hakka language and social sciences,
National Central University)
Research Article
Mining for Fiscal Control: Bureaucratic Negotiations
over Shandong Mines in Early Eighteenth-Century China
Li-Chung
Tang (Assistant Professor, Department of History, National Chi Nan University)
This article explores the fiscal bargaining between center and
province through the case of mining activities in Shandong in the late Kangxi
reign. Local interest in mining silver and lead ores increased due to famines. People
in famine-stricken Shandong saw mining as a means to reduce their financial
suffering. Provincial officials also hoped to profit from mining in order to
solve their own problems such as local deficits or extravagant personal
expenses.
However, mining was highly regulated throughout the empire. To
obtain imperial permission, the governor Li Shude argued that mining profits
from Shandong could fund imperial military spending and fill the imperial
coffer. Emperor Kangxi was persuaded in the beginning. But he quickly
discovered the reason for local officials' vested interest in mining and
decided to close mining operations in Shandong. Since then, the mining centers
of the Qing were developed in other places. Shandong was considered unsuitable
for mining. Local officials thus had to seek other sources for solving their deficit
problems.
Keywords:
Kangxi emperor, Li Shude, Lu Shi, the return of the meltage fee to the public
coffers, fiscal deficit
Against Odor: A Study on The National Health Surveys
of The French Royal Society of Medicine in Eighteenth-Century (1776-1794)
Yueh-Yuan
Chen (Assistant Professor, Department of History, National Chung Hsing
University)
The national health surveys launched by the French Royal Society of
Medicine in 1774, characterize the formation of France as a country of public
hygiene. By analyzing the archives of the French Royal Society of Medicine,
this paper outlines the national health surveys conducted by this institution
and further studies the principle of internal organization of this unified
activity of research. This paper finds that the relationship between people and
their environment was closely linked together in the research performed by the
French Royal Society of Medicine. The environment was deemed as a direct factor
to human health. What the national health
surveys highlighted was a new mission with which the Society of
Medicine was endowed: knowing and improving the environment, thus improving the
quality of human health. Among all factors affecting human health, the effect
of air caught especially the most attention. The Society of Medicine set cordon
through the sense of smell, explored any possible place at which harmful gas
would appear, and tried to adopt scientific methods to grasp the mechanism of
its generation. They investigated the impact on human body caused by harmful
gas generated from swamps, rivers, excreta disposal sites, cemeteries, and the
crowds. They were startled to realize that human beings seemed to have fallen
unconsciously into the deadly trap of poison gas. The alarm against the odor
was therefore awakened.
Keywords:
public hygiene, French medical history, French Royal Society of Medicine, odor
Comparative Research on the Foreign Policy of the
Imperial Way Faction and the Control Faction of the Showa Army
Tien-Kun
Yang (Assistant Professor, Department of History, National Taiwan University)
In regards to foreign policy, the Imperial Way Faction and the Manchurian
Faction both supported the Northern Expansion to defend against the USSR. The
foreign policy of both factions aimed to entice China to join the Japan and
Manchukuo joint defense camp. As a result, the Imperial Way Faction and the
Manchurian Faction earned the nickname “Soviet Opposition Faction”. The Control Faction backed the Southern Expansion
in order to face the UK and the USA. A Chinese Opposition policy was in place
in case China refused to join Japan and Manchukuo in opposing the USSR. Or, if
China refused to give up ties to the UK and the USA, and the Control Faction
wouldn’t rule out using military force to attack China. Therefore, the Control
Faction was also known as the “China Opposition Faction”.
After the February 26 Incident the first of the Soviet Opposition Factions,
the Imperial Way Faction, declined. After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the
other Soviet Opposition Faction, the Manchurian Faction, also began to wane.
Here the New Control Faction that faced China, the UK and USA was the
outstanding faction, and it can be said that it was a significant historical
event that affected the Sino-Japanese War, the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact,
and the Pacific War.
Keywords:
Showa Army, Manchurian Faction, Imperial Way Faction, Control Faction, Foreign
Policy
The “Spy” Discourse in South Korea in the Late 1960s
and its Political Implication: a Study on the Basis of Lee Su-Geun and Lee
Seung-Bok Incidents
En-Mei
Wang (Associate Professor, Department of East Asian Studies, National Taiwan
Normal University)
After seizing power through the 1961 military coup d'état, the Park Chung-hee
regime faced a series of crises in the late 1960s and strove to consolidate its
ruling power by fortifying the “anti-communist system”. It is in this critical
period of time that the Lee Su-geun incident (1967) and the Lee Seung-bok
incident (1968) occurred. In the late 1960s, the Park Chunghee regime sought to
reinforce people’s anti-communist ideology by all means to fortify the
“anti-communist system”. Among all the measures, the exploitation of people's
fear of spies is one of the common propaganda used by the government to
strengthen people’s anti-communist ideology. The Lee Su-geun incident and the
Lee Seung-bok incident, being the crucial material and model for the
innumerable spy discourse that follows, are thus endowed with substantial
political implications.
Based on the Lee Su-geun incident and the Lee Seung-bok incident, the
present study explores the spy discourse in the late 1960s and illustrates the
implications of the spy discourse in these incidents. Based on reports of Dong-A
Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo, both mainstream media, the study looks into the promotion
of the spy discourse. Since all media were under government control at the time
and covered “anti-communist issues” for the government, news media became an
important source to publicize the spy discourse.
Keywords:
anti-communist discourse, spy image, anti-communist propaganda, media, Park
Chung-hee
Introduction and Transformation: Social Responsibility
of the Press in Taiwan Martial Law Period
Hsiu-Chin
Yang (Adjunct Assistant Professor, General Education Center, National Taipei
University of Technology)
Since the emergence of the modern newspaper, the voice that claim for
self-regulation of the media never relented. However, it has an another significance
about the media of responsibility and the press self-regulation during the
period of martial law in Taiwan. In the 1950s, some of the articles mentioned
in the media responsibilities and the press self-regulation, but part of the
premise of legislation based on the anti-communist. The responsibility doctrine
that constructed by the Taiwan press in the 1950s, with “the social
responsibility” that put forward by Siebert and other scholars in 1956,
introducing to Taiwan by Hsieh ran zhi and Hu chuan hou in 1960 that had more
specific content. And put forward the establishment of press self-regulation
system within the KMT and the second Discussion of Yangmingshan, it's played
more in fueling. “The social responsibility” became the famous subject of
spread academia during the material law era, but also with the color of “the
supreme of national benefits”. The supreme of national benefits responsibility
was confronted with challenges in 1980s, the academics asked the government to
open news coverage and freedom of expression scales, and expected the
newspapers not excessive “selfdiscipline” that hindered the Taiwan's
democratization forward.
Keywords:
The Martial Law Period, Social Responsibility, Freedom of the Press, KMT
Research Note
Reconsidering the Halt of the Loss of Biodiversity in
a Market-based Perspective
Hsiao-Lan
Liu (Assistant Professor, Department of Hakka language and social sciences,
National Central University)
Huei-Ying
Shih (Associate Professor, Department of Hakka language and social sciences,
National Central University)
International organizations and non-government organizations such as
the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) and the Business and
Biodiversity Offsets Program (BBOP) had published reports and studies which
claimed the necessity and importance of the market mechanism to achieve the
goal of halting the loss of biodiversity. Another point of consideration within
this paper is an administrative management perspective on the relationship
between nature conservation and increasing pressure from settlement
development. Firstly, upon the arguments for the market incentive approach, the
paper then discusses the other important approaches to conserving biological
resources in accordance with the administrative regulations which combine
settlements management, land use planning, and regional development by
implementing the Preventing Principle and Cost-by Cause Principles. Based on
the discussing of the market incentive approach, it is rare to declare how the
values of biological resources could be recognized properly and how they could
be embedded within a planning system. It would be more meaningful as well more
effective, if we regulate biodiversity-loss in advance through a comprehensive
land use plan, then it could offer a suitable surrounding framework for running
market mechanisms afterwards.
Keywords:
Ecosystem Service, Market-based instruments, Biodiversity, Nature Conservation
Policy
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